# Premodern Women as second rate human beings in the legal sense. Witch hunts were one of the many ways women were unjustly judged. The final witch hunt in 1679 symbolically marks the end of this stage. # First Wave Feminism - Mary Wollstonecraft "A Vindication of the RIghts of Woman" argues for extending enlightenment ideals to women. - In France, Olympe de Gouges "The Declaration of the RIghts of Woman and the Female Citizen" publishes a manifesto equivalent to the men's. - The Status of Liberty - Elizabeth Cady Stanton, mid 19th century American feminist - Troy Female Seminary first higher education institution - Female property rights for married women in the US - 1849 first female medical school graduate - 1869 first female law school graduate called to bar - 1905 first female engineering degree graduate - 1800s and 1900s women in European nations (former British colonies) started being granted the right to vote, starting at the regional and provincial level, later to national level. Universal male suffrage only came one to two generations earlier as a result of enlightenment philosophy. - 1949 Simone de Beauvoir "The Second Sex" -- shift from enlightenment thinking to existentialist, with de Beauvoir and Sartre also being supporters of Marxism and Mao's regime. # Second Wave Feminism - 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King Jr - 1968 protest of Miss America pageant -- against objectification of women, normative beauty standards # Third Wave Feminism - Post-modern wave of feminism - Catherine Alice Mackinnon